Energy storage holds energy for use when production and demand do not coincide. Battery developments, including solid-state designs, can support renewable integration, grid flexibility and electrified transport.
Aqueous batteries are electrochemical batteries that use water-based electrolytes to transport ions between electrodes.
Battery recycling recovers reusable materials from end-of-life batteries, including black mass, the mixture of electrode materials produced during battery processing.
Compressed air energy storage stores energy by compressing air and later releasing it to generate electricity.
Flow batteries store energy in liquid electrolytes circulated through electrochemical cells, and long-duration energy storage refers to systems designed to store energy for extended periods.
Flywheel energy storage stores energy as the rotational kinetic energy of a spinning rotor and releases it when needed.
Gravity energy storage stores energy by raising a mass and releases it later by lowering the mass to generate power.
Lithium-sulfur batteries are rechargeable batteries that use lithium as the anode material and sulfur as the cathode material.
Lithium-ion batteries that use silicon or silicon-containing materials as the negative electrode.
Sodium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries that store and release energy by moving sodium ions between electrodes.
Solid-state batteries are batteries that use a solid material as their electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte.
Supercapacitors are electrochemical energy-storage devices that store and release charge rapidly using electric double layers, fast surface redox reactions, or both.
Thermal energy storage captures heat or cold for use at a later time.
Zinc-air batteries generate electricity through electrochemical reactions between zinc and oxygen from the air.
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